Not all memory issues signal a dementia diagnosis. A less serious condition could be the culprit.
Worried about a loved one? Maybe you’ve noticed that they seem forgetful or confused. But chances are, nobody in the family is talking about it.
Memory problems — and other cognitive issues — are topics that lots of people avoid, especially with the doctor. That’s because of a fear that the diagnosis may be Alzheimer’s disease or another form of dementia.
There’s no question that dementia is a devastating condition. But it’s probably not as common as you think. It affects more than 7 million people over the age of 65. Yet the proportion of older Americans with dementia actually declined from 13% in 2011 to 10% in 2019, according to the Population Reference Bureau.
Plus, the symptoms you’re concerned about might point to something far less serious. Many minor and treatable problems can affect memory and mimic signs of dementia. So it’s important to talk to the doctor about whatever unusual symptoms your loved one may be experiencing.
“Unfortunately, there’s still a lot of stigma with psychiatric diagnoses, but this is something that should never be overlooked,” says Patricia M. Colapietro, M.D. She’s a neurologist with University of Cincinnati Health in Ohio.
The key: Be honest and help your loved one seek the care they need. Puzzled and concerned? Not sure what to do? If you’ve got questions, we’ve got answers.
What exactly is dementia?
Dementia is a general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life, according to the Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimer’s is a specific disease that is the most common cause of dementia. Dementia impairs at least two brain functions. That could mean memory loss and judgment. But it could also involve impulsiveness or difficulty making decisions.
The important thing: Don’t jump to conclusions. No matter what the symptoms are, your loved one may simply be experiencing a normal part of aging, not dementia.
“As we all get older, our brains get older too, and normal aging may cause some memory problems and forgetfulness,” Dr. Colapietro explains. “There’s no ‘normal’ target, but we should all be within the average range of cognitive function according to our age and level of education.”
What should I do if my loved one seems a bit off?
First, don’t make an amateur diagnosis. Talk to a doctor. Early testing is key to determining if the problem is simply part of the normal aging process, dementia, or something entirely different. But time is of the essence. The sooner you can get a diagnosis and begin treatment, the better, says Dr. Colapietro.
What signs should I look for?
The most obvious symptoms are memory problems. But they can be easy to miss, especially if you’re not with your loved one all the time, Dr. Colapietro says. When you’re together, though, watch for these common symptoms:
- Decreased attention
- Frequent repetition
- Forgetfulness
- Language errors
- Getting lost
- Inability to recognize places and faces
Other red flags may be:
- Confusion during hospitalization
- Sundowning (confusion in the late afternoon or into the night)
- Personality and behavior changes
- Neglecting appointments, medications, or finances
If it’s not dementia, what else could it be?
It’s important to rule out conditions that used to be called “pseudo-dementias,” or fake dementias, says Dr. Colapietro. Those are conditions that may mimic dementia — and they can make memory problems even worse if they’re not addressed. Luckily, most of them are treatable. And your loved one’s primary care provider can investigate and screen for many of them. They include:
- Viral infections such as urinary tract infections, upper respiratory infections, and COVID-19
- More serious infections, such as HIV and syphilis, which may cause memory issues later in life
- Metabolic disorders that include liver and kidney dysfunction, uncontrolled diabetes, and high or low blood sugar
- Extremely high blood pressure
- Thyroid disease (hypo- and hyperthyroidism)
- Malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies, such as low B12 and B1, which are common with alcohol use
- Mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety
- Sleep disorders, which can mimic or worsen memory problems
My loved one takes a lot of medications. Could those be affecting their memory?
Maybe. Talk to the doctor about all the medications they take — including over-the-counter (OTC) ones. Cognitive problems can be caused by certain OTC medications, including:
- Allergy medications such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
- Sleep aids such as doxylamine (Unisom)
- Motion sickness pills such as dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)
Why? These medications can block the action of a brain chemical that sends messages between your body’s cells. That can lead to cognitive and physical impairment in older adults. Be sure your loved one brings a list of all the medications they take whenever they visit the doctor.
What happens next?
If your loved one’s provider diagnoses a condition that mimics dementia, they’ll recommend a course of treatment and may prescribe medication. The provider will also want to make sure the problem isn’t Parkinson’s disease, stroke, meningitis, cancerous tumors, or complications of cancer or cancer treatment, Dr. Colapietro says.
If your loved one does turn out to have dementia, they (and you) don’t have to navigate it alone. There are many resources available, both for patients and the family members who care for them. Start here to find the help you need.
Additional sources
Dementia trends in the U.S.: Population Reference Bureau
Dementia overview: National Institute on Aging
Signs and symptoms of dementia: Alzheimer’s Association
